Problems

1. By use of calculus, show that \(x- \ln(1+x)\) is positive for all positive \(x\). Use this result to show that \[ \sum_{k=1}^n \frac 1 k > \ln (n+1) \,. \]
2. By considering \( x+\ln (1-x)\), show that \[ \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac 1 {k^2} <1+ \ln 2 \,. \]

In the triangle \(ABC\), angle \(BAC = \alpha\) and angle \(CBA= 2\alpha\), where \(2\alpha\) is acute, and \(BC= x\). Show that \(AB = (3-4 \sin^2\alpha)x\). The point \(D\) is the midpoint of \(AB\) and the point \(E\) is the foot of the perpendicular from \(C\) to \(AB\). Find an expression for \(DE\) in terms of \(x\). The point \(F\) lies on the perpendicular bisector of \(AB\) and is a distance \(x\) from \(C\). The points \(F\) and \(B\) lie on the same side of the line through \(A\) and \(C\). Show that the line \(FC\) trisects the angle \(ACB\).

Three rods have lengths \(a\), \(b\) and \(c\), where \(a< b< c\). The three rods can be made into a triangle (possibly of zero area) if \(a+b\ge c\). Let \(T_{n}\) be the number of triangles that can be made with three rods chosen from \(n\) rods of lengths \(1\), \(2\), \(3\), \(\ldots\) , \(n\) (where \(n\ge3\)). Show that \(T_8-T_7 = 2+4+6\) and evaluate \(T_8 -T_6\). Write down expressions for \(T_{2m}-T_{2m-1}\) and \(T_{2m} - T_{2m-2}\). Prove by induction that \(T_{2m}=\frac 16 m (m-1)(4m+1)\,\), and find the corresponding result for an odd number of rods.

1. The continuous function \(\f\) is defined by \[ \tan \f(x) = x \ \ \ \ \ (-\infty < x <\infty) \] and \(\f(0)=\pi\). Sketch the curve \(y=\f(x)\)\,.
2. The continuous function \(\g\) is defined by \[ \tan \g(x) = \frac x {1+x^2} \ \ \ \ \ \ (-\infty < x <\infty) \] and \(\g(0)=\pi\). Sketch the curves \(y= \dfrac x {1+x^2} \ \) and \(y=\g(x)\)\,.
3. The continuous function \(\h \) is defined by \(\h (0)=\pi\) and \[ \tan \h (x)= \frac x {1-x^2}\, \ \ \ \ \ (x \ne \pm 1) \,. \] (The values of \(\h (x)\) at \(x=\pm1\) are such that \(\h (x)\) is continuous at these points.) Sketch the curves \(y= \dfrac x {1-x^2} \ \) and \(y=\h (x)\). %
4. The continuous functions \(\h_1\) and \(\h_2\) are % defined by: \(\h_1(0)=\h_2(0)=\pi \), %\[ %\tan \h_1(x) = \frac {x+x^4} {1+x^2+x^4} %\ \ \ \ \ \text{and} \ \ \ \ \ \ %\tan \h_2(x) = \frac {4x-x^3} {1-x^4} %\,. %\] %for values of \(x\) at which the right hand sides are defined. %Find \(\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\h_1(x)\) and \(\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\h_2(x)\,\).

In this question, the \(\mathrm{arctan}\) function satisfies \(0\le \arctan x <\frac12 \pi\) for \(x\ge0\,\).

1. Let \[ S_n= \sum_{m=1}^n \arctan \left(\frac1 {2m^2}\right) \,, \] for \(n=1, 2, 3, \ldots\) . Prove by induction that \[ \tan S_n = \frac n {n+1} \,. \] Prove also that \[ S_n = \arctan \frac n {n+1} \,. \]
2. In a triangle \(ABC\), the lengths of the sides \(AB\) and \(BC\) are \(4n^2\) and \(4n^4-1\), respectively, and the angle at \(B\) is a right angle. Let \(\angle BCA = 2\alpha_n\). Show that \[ \sum_{n=1}^\infty \alpha_n = \tfrac14\pi \,. \]

1. Show that \[ \mathrm{sec}^2\left(\tfrac14\pi-\tfrac12 x\right)=\frac{2}{1+\sin x} \,. \] Hence integrate \(\dfrac{1}{1+\sin x}\) with respect to \(x\).
2. By means of the substitution \(y=\pi -x\), show that \[ \int_0^\pi x \f (\sin x)\, \d x = \frac \pi 2 \int_0^\pi \f(\sin x) \, \d x ,\] where \(\mathrm{f}\) is any function for which these integrals exist. Hence evaluate \[ \int_0^\pi \frac x {1+\sin x} \, \d x \,. \]
3. Evaluate \[ \int_0^\pi\frac{ 2x^3 -3\pi x^2}{(1+\sin x)^2}\, \d x .\]

A circle \(C\) is said to be {\em bisected} by a curve \(X\) if \(X\) meets \(C\) in exactly two points and these points are diametrically opposite each other on \(C\).

1. Let \(C\) be the circle of radius \(a\) in the \(x\)-\(y\) plane with centre at the origin. Show, by giving its equation, that it is possible to find a circle of given radius \(r\) that bisects \(C\) provided \(r>a\). Show that no circle of radius \(r\) bisects \(C\) if \(r\le a\,\).
2. Let \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) be circles with centres at \((-d,0)\) and \((d,0)\) and radii \(a_1\) and \(a_2\), respectively, where \(d>a_1\) and \(d>a_2\). Let \(D\) be a circle of radius~\(r\) that bisects both \(C_1\) and \(C_2\). Show that the \(x\)-coordinate of the centre of \(D\) is \(\dfrac{a_2^2 - a_1^2}{4d}\). Obtain an expression in terms of \(d\), \(r\), \(a_1\) and \(a_2\) for the \(y\)-coordinate of the centre of~\(D\), and deduce that \(r\) must satisfy \[ 16r^2d^2 \ge \big (4d^2 +(a_2-a_1)^2\big) \, \big (4d^2 +(a_2+a_1)^2\big) \,. \]

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1. Let \({\bf x}_1\) and \({\bf x}_2\) be the position vectors of the centres of \(C_1\) and \(C_2\), respectively. Show that the position vector of \(P\) is \[ \frac{r_1 {\bf x}_2- r_2 {\bf x}_1}{r_1-r_2} \,, \] where \(r_1\) and \(r_2\) are the radii of \(C_1\) and \(C_2\), respectively.
2. The circle \(C_3\) does not overlap either \(C_1\) or \(C_2\) and its radius, \(r_3\), satisfies \(r_1 \ne r_3 \ne r_2\). The focus of \(C_1\) and \(C_3\) is \(Q\), and the focus of \(C_2\) and \(C_3\) is \(R\). Show that \(P\), \(Q\) and~\(R\) lie on the same straight line.
3. Find a condition on \(r_1\), \(r_2\) and \(r_3\) for \(Q\) to lie half-way between \(P\) and \(R\).

An equilateral triangle \(ABC\) is made of three light rods each of length \(a\). It is free to rotate in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis through \(A\). Particles of mass \(3m\) and \(5m\) are attached to \(B\) and \(C\) respectively. Initially, the system hangs in equilibrium with \(BC\) below \(A\).

1. Show that, initially, the angle \(\theta\) that \(BC\) makes with the horizontal is given by \(\sin\theta = \frac17\).
2. The triangle receives an impulse that imparts a speed \(v\) to the particle \(B\). Find the minimum speed \(v_0\) such that the system will perform complete rotations if \(v>v_0\).

Show Solution

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Solution:

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1. The sine rule tells us: \begin{align*} && \frac{\frac58 a}{\sin(30^\circ + \theta)} &= \frac{a}{\sin(90^{\circ}-\theta)} \\ \Rightarrow &&\frac58 \cos \theta &= \frac12 \cos \theta+ \frac{\sqrt{3}}2 \sin \theta \\ \Rightarrow && \frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}} &= \tan \theta \\ \Rightarrow && \sin \theta &= \sqrt{\frac{1}{48+1}} = \frac17 \end{align*}
2. \(\,\) \begin{align*} && \text{initial energy} &= \frac12(5m)v^2 + \frac12 (3m)v^2 - 3m \cdot g \cdot a \cos(30^{\circ}+\theta) -5m \cdot g \cdot a\cos(30^\circ - \theta) \\ &&&= 4m v^2 - amg(4\sqrt{3} \cos \theta + \sin \theta) \\ &&&= 4mv^2 - 7amg \\ && \text{energy at top} &= \frac12 m v_{top}^2 + 7amg \end{align*} We need this equation to be positive for all values of \(v_{top} \geq 0\), so \(4mv^2 \geq 14amg \Rightarrow v_0 = \sqrt{\frac{7ag}2}\)

A particle of mass \(m\) is pulled along the floor of a room in a straight line by a light string which is pulled at constant speed \(V\) through a hole in the ceiling. The floor is smooth and horizontal, and the height of the room is \(h\). Find, in terms of \(V\) and \(\theta\), the speed of the particle when the string makes an angle of \(\theta\) with the vertical (and the particle is still in contact with the floor). Find also the acceleration, in terms of \(V\), \(h\) and \(\theta\). Find the tension in the string and hence show that the particle will leave the floor when \[ \tan^4\theta = \frac{V^2}{gh}\,. \]