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1991 Paper 1 Q3
A path is made up in the Argand diagram of a series of straight line segments \(P_{1}P_{2},\) \(P_{2}P_{3},\) \(P_{3}P_{4},\ldots\) such that each segment is \(d\) times as long as the previous one, \((d\neq1)\), and the angle between one segment and the next is always \(\theta\) (where the segments are directed from \(P_{j}\) towards \(P_{j+1}\), and all angles are measured in the anticlockwise direction). If \(P_{j}\) represents the complex number \(z_{j},\) express \[ \frac{z_{n+1}-z_{n}}{z_{n}-z_{n-1}} \] as a complex number (for each \(n\geqslant2\)), briefly justifying your answer. If \(z_{1}=0\) and \(z_{2}=1\), obtain an expression for \(z_{n+1}\) when \(n\geqslant2\). By considering its imaginary part, or otherwise, show that if \(\theta=\frac{1}{3}\pi\) and \(d=2\), then the path crosses the real axis infinitely often.
Solution: \begin{align*} && | \frac{z_{n+1}-z_{n}}{z_{n}-z_{n-1}} | &= d \\ && \arg \left ( \frac{z_{n+1}-z_{n}}{z_{n}-z_{n-1}} \right) &= \arg (z_{n+1}-z_{n}) - \arg(z_{n}-z_{n-1}) \\ &&&= \theta \\ \Rightarrow && \frac{z_{n+1}-z_{n}}{z_{n}-z_{n-1}} &= d e^{i \theta} \end{align*} \begin{align*} && z_1 &= 0 \\ && z_2 &= 1 \\ && \frac{z_3-z_2}{z_2-z_1} &= de^{i \theta} \\ \Rightarrow && z_3 &= de^{i \theta} + 1 \\ && \frac{z_4-z_3}{z_3-z_2} &= de^{i \theta} \\ \Rightarrow && z_4 &= (d e^{i \theta})^2 + d e^{i \theta} + 1\\ \Rightarrow && z_{n+1} &= \frac{(de^{i \theta})^{n}-1}{de^{i \theta}-1} \end{align*} If \(d = 2, \theta = \tfrac13 \pi\), then, \(2e^{i \tfrac13 \pi} = 1 + \sqrt{3}i\) \begin{align*} \textrm{Im}(z_{n+1})) &= \textrm{Im} \left ( \frac{(2e^{i \tfrac13 \pi})^{n}-1}{2e^{i \tfrac13 \pi}-1}\right) \\ &= \textrm{Im} \left ( \frac{(2e^{i \tfrac13 \pi})^{n}-1}{\sqrt{3}i}\right) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\textrm{Re} \left (2^n e^{i \frac{n}{3} \pi} \right) + \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \end{align*} Which clearly changes sign infinitely many times, ie crosses the origin infinitely many times.
1989 Paper 1 Q9
Sketch the graph of \(8y=x^{3}-12x\) for \(-4\leqslant x\leqslant4\), marking the coordinates of the turning points. Similarly marking the turning points, sketch the corresponding graphs in the \((X,Y)\)-plane, if \begin{alignat*}{3} \rm{(a)} & \quad & & X=\tfrac{1}{2}x, & \qquad & Y=y,\\ \rm{(b)} & & & X=x, & & Y=\tfrac{1}{2}y,\\ \rm{(c)} & & & X=\tfrac{1}{2}x+1, & & Y=y,\\ \rm{(d)} & & & X=x, & & Y=\tfrac{1}{2}y+1. \end{alignat*} Find values for \(a,b,c,d\) such that, if \(X=ax+b,\) \(Y=cy+d\), then the graph in the \((X,Y)\)-plane corresponding to \(8y=x^{3}-12x\) has turning points at \((X,Y)=(0,0)\) and \((X,Y)=(1,1)\).
Solution: \(8\frac{\d y}{\d x} = 3(x^2-4)\) so the turning points are at \((\pm 2, \mp 2)\)
