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2001 Paper 1 Q14
D: 1500.0 B: 1516.8

On the basis of an interview, the \(N\) candidates for admission to a college are ranked in order according to their mathematical potential. The candidates are interviewed in random order (that is, each possible order is equally likely).

  1. Find the probability that the best amongst the first \(n\) candidates interviewed is the best overall.
  2. Find the probability that the best amongst the first \(n\) candidates interviewed is the best or second best overall.
Verify your answers for the case \(N=4\), \(n=2\) by listing the possibilities.


Solution:

  1. The probability the best person falls in the first \(n\) is \(\frac{n}{N}\)
  2. The probability the best two people do not fall in the first \(n\) candidates is \begin{align*} && 1-P &= \frac{\binom{N-2}{n}}{\binom{N}{n}} \\ &&&= \frac{(N-2)(N-3)\cdots(N-2-n+1)}{n!} \frac{n!}{N(N-1)(N-2) \cdots (N-n+1)} \\ &&&= \frac{(N-n)(N-n-1)}{N(N-1)} \\ \Rightarrow && P &= 1- \frac{(N-n)(N-n-1)}{N(N-1)} \\ &&&= \frac{N(N-1) - N(N-1)+n(N-n-1)+Nn}{N(N-1)} \\ &&&= \frac{n(2N-n-1)}{N(N-1)} \end{align*}
If \(N = 4, n = 2\) the possibilities are, the best candidate can be first \(3!\) ways, or second \(3!\) ways, which is \(\frac{12}{24} = \frac{1}{2} = \frac{2}{4} = \frac{n}{N}\) so our formula works. In the case neither of the best two candidates are in the first half, the possibilities are \(3412, 3421, 4312, 4321\), ie \(\frac{4}{24} = \frac16\) chance, so the probability they are selected in the first \(n\) is \(\frac56\). our formula says it should be \(\frac{2 \cdot (2 \cdot 4 - 2 - 1)}{4 \cdot 3} = \frac{2 \cdot 5}{4 \cdot 3} = \frac56\) as desired.