3 problems found
The vertices of a plane quadrilateral are labelled \(A\), \(B\), \(A'\) and \(B'\), in clockwise order. A point \(O\) lies in the same plane and within the quadrilateral. The angles \(AOB\) and \(A'OB'\) are right angles, and \(OA=OB\) and \(OA'=OB'\). Use position vectors relative to \(O\) to show that the midpoints of \(AB\), \(BA'\), \(A'B'\) and \(B'A\) are the vertices of a square. Given that the lengths of \(OA\) and \(OA'\) are fixed (and the conditions of the first paragraph still hold), find the value of angle \(BOA'\) for which the area of the square is greatest.
Solution: Let \(O\) be the origin, and let \(\mathbf{a}, \mathbf{b}, \mathbf{a}', \mathbf{b}'\) be the four points. The conditions give us \begin{align*} && \mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b} &= 0 \\ && |\mathbf{a}| &= |\mathbf{b}| \\ && \mathbf{a}' \cdot \mathbf{b}' &= 0 \\ && |\mathbf{a}'| &= |\mathbf{b}'| \\ \end{align*} So \begin{align*} \text{midpoint }AB \text{ to midpoint } BA' &= (\tfrac12(\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{b}) - \tfrac12(\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{a}'))\cdot (\tfrac12(\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{b}) - \tfrac12(\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{a}')) \\ &= \frac12(\mathbf{a}-\mathbf{a}')\cdot \frac12(\mathbf{a} - \mathbf{a}') \\ \text{midpoint }BA' \text{ to midpoint } A'B' &= (\tfrac12(\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{a}') - \tfrac12(\mathbf{a}'+\mathbf{b}')) \cdot (\tfrac12(\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{a}') - \tfrac12(\mathbf{a}'+\mathbf{b}'))\\ &= \frac12(\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{b}')\cdot \frac12(\mathbf{b} - \mathbf{b}') \\ &= \frac14 (|\mathbf{b}|^2 + |\mathbf{b}'|^2 - 2\mathbf{b}\cdot\mathbf{b}')\\ &= \frac14(|\mathbf{a}|^2 + |\mathbf{a}'|^2 - 2\mathbf{b}\cdot\mathbf{b}') \\ \text{midpoint }A'B' \text{ to midpoint } B'A &= (\tfrac12(\mathbf{a}'+\mathbf{b}') - \tfrac12(\mathbf{b}'+\mathbf{a})) \cdot (\tfrac12(\mathbf{a}'+\mathbf{b}') - \tfrac12(\mathbf{b}'+\mathbf{a}))\\ &= \frac12(\mathbf{a}'-\mathbf{a})\cdot \frac12(\mathbf{a}' - \mathbf{a}) \\ \text{midpoint }B'A \text{ to midpoint } AB &= (\tfrac12(\mathbf{b}'+\mathbf{a}) - \tfrac12(\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{b})) \cdot (\tfrac12(\mathbf{b}'+\mathbf{a}) - \tfrac12(\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{b}))\\ &= \frac12(\mathbf{b}'-\mathbf{b})\cdot \frac12(\mathbf{b}' - \mathbf{b}) \\ \end{align*} So it's sufficient to prove \(\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{a}' = \mathbf{b}\cdot \mathbf{b}'\) but this is clear from looking at a diagram for 1 second. Given the length of the square is what it is, we want to minimise \(\mathbf{b}\cdot \mathbf{b}'\) which is when they are vertically opposite each other, ie \(\angle BOA' = 90^\circ\)
The position vectors of the points \(A\,\), \(B\,\) and \(P\) with respect to an origin \(O\) are \(a{\bf i}\,\), \(b{\bf j}\,\) and \(l{\bf i}+m{\bf j}+n{\bf k}\,\), respectively, where \(a\), \(b\), and \(n\) are all non-zero. The points \(E\), \(F\), \(G\) and \(H\) are the midpoints of \(OA\), \(BP\), \(OB\) and \(AP\), respectively. Show that the lines \(EF\) and \(GH\) intersect. Let \(D\) be the point with position vector \(d{\bf k}\), where \(d\) is non-zero, and let \(S\) be the point of intersection of \(EF\) and \(GH.\) The point \(T\) is such that the mid-point of \(DT\) is \(S\). Find the position vector of \(T\) and hence find \(d\) in terms of \(n\) if \(T\) lies in the plane \(OAB\).
Solution: \(E = \langle \frac{a}{2}, 0,0 \rangle, F = \langle \frac{l}{2}, \frac{m+b}{2}, \frac{n}{2} \rangle, G = \langle 0, \frac{b}{2}, 0 \rangle, H = \langle \frac{a+l}{2}, \frac{m}{2}, \frac{n}{2} \rangle\) Note that the midpoint of \(EF\) and \(GH\) are both $\langle \frac{a+l}{4}, \frac{m+b}{4}, \frac{n}{4} \rangle$, so clearly they must intersect at this point. The vector we just found is \(S\), and \(\mathbf{t} = \mathbf{d} + 2(\mathbf{s}-\mathbf{d}) = 2\mathbf{s} - \mathbf{d}\). Therefore \(T = \langle \frac{a+l}{2}, \frac{m+b}{2}, \frac{n-2d}{2} \rangle\). If \(T\) lies in the plane \(OAB\) then \(n - 2d = 0\) ie \(d = \frac{n}{2}\)
Four rigid rods \(AB\), \(BC\), \(CD\) and \(DA\) are freely jointed together to form a quadrilateral in the plane. Show that if \(P\), \(Q\), \(R\), \(S\) are the mid-points of the sides \(AB\), \(BC\), \(CD\), \(DA\), respectively, then \[|AB|^{2}+|CD|^{2}+2|PR|^{2}=|AD|^{2}+|BC|^{2}+2|QS|^{2}.\] Deduce that \(|PR|^{2}-|QS|^{2}\) remains constant however the vertices move. (Here \(|PR|\) denotes the length of \(PR\).)